{"id":10321,"date":"2026-11-12T11:25:03","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T08:25:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10321"},"modified":"2026-11-12T11:25:03","modified_gmt":"2026-11-12T08:25:03","slug":"sql-de-alt-sorgu-subquery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/sql-de-alt-sorgu-subquery\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL&#8217;de Alt Sorgu (Subquery)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130li\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemlerinde karma\u015f\u0131k veri k\u00fcmeleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, tek bir basit filtreleme veya birle\u015ftirme i\u015flemi her zaman ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaz. Birden fazla ad\u0131mda hesaplanmas\u0131 gereken ya da ba\u015fka bir tablodaki dinamik bir ko\u015fula ba\u011fl\u0131 olan verileri \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7 i\u00e7e sorgular olu\u015fturulur. Bu mimarinin temel yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 SQL subquery, yani alt sorgu kavram\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgular, bir ana sorgunun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu veriyi anl\u0131k olarak \u00fcretip ana sorguya teslim eden mekanizmalard\u0131r. Bu sayede veritaban\u0131 istemcisi taraf\u0131nda ge\u00e7ici tablolar olu\u015fturmaya gerek kalmadan do\u011frudan SQL motoru \u00fczerinde katmanl\u0131 sorgulamalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alt Sorgu (Subquery) Nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgu; <code>SELECT<\/code>, <code>INSERT<\/code>, <code>UPDATE<\/code> veya <code>DELETE<\/code> gibi bir ana SQL ifadesinin i\u00e7ine parantez i\u00e7inde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ikincil bir <code>SELECT<\/code> sorgusudur. Alt sorguya i\u00e7 sorgu (inner query), onu \u00e7evreleyen yap\u0131ya ise ana sorgu veya d\u0131\u015f sorgu (outer query) ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fleyi\u015f kural\u0131 basittir: SQL motoru \u00f6nce i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdaki alt sorguyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, bu sorgudan d\u00f6nen sonucu al\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015f sorgudaki filtreleme ya da hesaplama i\u015flemine dahil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgular\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda dikkat edilmesi gereken temel kurallar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alt sorgular daima parantez <code>()<\/code> i\u00e7erisine yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tek bir de\u011fer (skaler), tek bir s\u00fctun veya tam bir tablo sonucu d\u00f6nd\u00fcrebilirler.<\/li>\n\n<li><code>ORDER BY<\/code> ifadesi, ana sorguya s\u0131ral\u0131 veri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmesi zorunlu olmayan alt sorgularda performans kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi i\u00e7in genellikle kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alt Sorgu T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri veri bi\u00e7imine ve d\u0131\u015f sorguyla olan ili\u015fkilerine g\u00f6re alt sorgular farkl\u0131 kategorilere ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Tek Sat\u0131rl\u0131 (Single-Row) Alt Sorgular<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu t\u00fcr sorgular ana sorguya yaln\u0131zca tek bir sat\u0131r ve tek bir s\u00fctundan olu\u015fan skaler bir de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. E\u015fitlik (<code>=<\/code>), b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr (<code>&gt;<\/code>), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr (<code>&lt;<\/code>) gibi standart kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rleri ile birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rnek olarak, ortalama maa\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde kazanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 bulal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT ad, soyad, maas\nFROM calisanlar\nWHERE maas &gt; (\n    SELECT AVG(maas) \n    FROM calisanlar\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6rnekte i\u00e7teki sorgu \u015firket genelindeki ortalama maa\u015f\u0131 hesaplar ve \u00f6rne\u011fin <code>45000<\/code> gibi tek bir say\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. D\u0131\u015f sorgu ise maa\u015f\u0131 bu de\u011ferden y\u00fcksek olan personeli filtreler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u00c7ok Sat\u0131rl\u0131 (Multi-Row) Alt Sorgular<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ana sorguya tek bir s\u00fctun alt\u0131nda birden fazla sat\u0131r d\u00f6nd\u00fcren sorgulard\u0131r. Bu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tekil bir de\u011fermi\u015f gibi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in <code>IN<\/code>, <code>NOT IN<\/code>, <code>ANY<\/code> veya <code>ALL<\/code> gibi \u00e7oklu k\u00fcme operat\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rnek olarak, hen\u00fcz hi\u00e7 sipari\u015f vermemi\u015f m\u00fc\u015fterileri listeleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT musteri_id, musteri_adi\nFROM musteriler\nWHERE musteri_id NOT IN (\n    SELECT DISTINCT musteri_id \n    FROM siparisler\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u00e7teki sorgu, sipari\u015fler tablosundaki t\u00fcm benzersiz m\u00fc\u015fteri numaralar\u0131n\u0131 bir liste olarak d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. D\u0131\u015f sorgu ise <code>NOT IN<\/code> ifadesiyle bu listenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan m\u00fc\u015fterileri se\u00e7er.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u0130li\u015fkili (Correlated) Alt Sorgular<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standart alt sorgulardan farkl\u0131 olarak, ili\u015fkili alt sorgular d\u0131\u015f sorgudan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz. \u0130\u00e7 sorgu, d\u0131\u015f sorgudan gelen her bir sat\u0131r i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 tetiklenir ve d\u0131\u015f tablodaki s\u00fctun de\u011ferlerine referans verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rnek olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 departman\u0131n ortalama maa\u015f\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek maa\u015f alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 getirelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT c1.ad, c1.departman_id, c1.maas\nFROM calisanlar c1\nWHERE c1.maas &gt; (\n    SELECT AVG(c2.maas)\n    FROM calisanlar c2\n    WHERE c2.departman_id = c1.departman_id\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu sorguda i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdaki <code>AVG(c2.maas)<\/code> ifadesi, d\u0131\u015f sorgunun o an i\u015fledi\u011fi sat\u0131rdaki <code>c1.departman_id<\/code> de\u011ferini filtre parametresi olarak al\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her personel, kendi departman\u0131n\u0131n ortalamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL T\u00fcmcelerinde Alt Sorgu Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL subquery yap\u0131lar\u0131 sadece filtreleme (<code>WHERE<\/code>) amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sorgunun farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde stratejik avantajlar sunarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SELECT Listesinde Alt Sorgu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her sat\u0131r\u0131n yan\u0131na ek bir hesaplama getirmek amac\u0131yla s\u00fctun alan\u0131nda skaler alt sorgu kullan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT \n    urun_adi,\n    fiyat,\n    (SELECT AVG(fiyat) FROM urunler) AS genel_ortalama_fiyat\nFROM urunler;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu ifade, her bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 ve fiyat\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na t\u00fcm tablonun ortalama fiyat\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir s\u00fctun olarak ekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FROM T\u00fcmcesinde Alt Sorgu (Derived Tables)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgular <code>FROM<\/code> t\u00fcmcesinde kullan\u0131larak ge\u00e7ici sanal tablolar gibi davranabilir. Bu t\u00fcr yap\u0131lara t\u00fcretilmi\u015f tablo (derived table) denir ve genellikle bir takma ad (alias) verilmesi zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT departman_id, personel_sayisi\nFROM (\n    SELECT departman_id, COUNT(*) AS personel_sayisi\n    FROM calisanlar\n    GROUP BY departman_id\n) AS departman_ozet\nWHERE personel_sayisi &gt; 10;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada \u00f6nce her departman\u0131n personel say\u0131s\u0131 hesaplanm\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan elde edilen bu ge\u00e7ici tablo \u00fczerinden personel say\u0131s\u0131 10&#8217;dan b\u00fcy\u00fck olanlar filtrelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Performans ve Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Noktalar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgular kodun okunabilirli\u011fini art\u0131rsa da veritaban\u0131 performans\u0131 \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan etkili olabilir. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmelerinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130li\u015fkili alt sorgular (Correlated Subqueries), d\u0131\u015f sorgudaki her sat\u0131r i\u00e7in tekrar tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolarda ciddi yava\u015flamalara neden olabilir. M\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funda <code>JOIN<\/code> yap\u0131lar\u0131 tercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Bir kayd\u0131n var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetlerken <code>COUNT(*) &gt; 0<\/code> veya <code>IN<\/code> yerine <code>EXISTS<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc alt sorgu ile kullanmak daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc <code>EXISTS<\/code> ilk e\u015fle\u015fmeyi buldu\u011fu anda aramay\u0131 durdurur.<\/li>\n\n<li>Alt sorgunun <code>WHERE<\/code> ko\u015fulunda ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu s\u00fctunlarda indeks bulunmas\u0131 sorgu optimizasyonu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt sorgular, SQL dilinde karma\u015f\u0131k veri analizi senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alara b\u00f6lerek \u00e7\u00f6zmenizi sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Tek sat\u0131rl\u0131, \u00e7ok sat\u0131rl\u0131 ve ili\u015fkili alt sorgu tiplerini do\u011fru senaryolarda kullanmak sorgu yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir sonraki ad\u0131m olarak, alt sorgular\u0131n yerine daha performansl\u0131 ve okunabilir bir alternatif sunan Ortak Tablo \u0130fadelerini (Common Table Expressions &#8211; CTE) ve <code>WITH<\/code> yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek veritaban\u0131 sorgulama becerilerinizi ileri seviyeye ta\u015f\u0131yabilirsiniz.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL&#8217;de i\u00e7 i\u00e7e sorgu yazmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan subquery mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tek ve \u00e7ok sat\u0131rl\u0131 alt sorgu t\u00fcrlerini ve performans ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bu rehberde ke\u015ffedin.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10322,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[230],"tags":[254,601,610,257,266],"class_list":["post-10321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veritabani","tag-sql","tag-sql-sorgulari","tag-subquery","tag-veritabani","tag-yazilim-gelistirme"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - 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