{"id":10311,"date":"2026-11-11T13:41:00","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T10:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10311"},"modified":"2026-11-11T13:41:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T10:41:00","slug":"veritabani-normalizasyonu-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/veritabani-normalizasyonu-nedir\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Veritaban\u0131 Normalizasyonu Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130li\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemlerinde (RDBMS) sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir ve hatas\u0131z bir yap\u0131 kurman\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu veritaban\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00f6t\u00fc planlanm\u0131\u015f bir veritaban\u0131 \u015femas\u0131; veri tekrar\u0131na, disk alan\u0131 israf\u0131na ve en \u00f6nemlisi veri tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Bu problemlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in uygulanan sistematik yakla\u015f\u0131ma normalizasyon ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normalizasyon Nedir ve Neden Gereklidir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normalizasyon, bir ili\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131ndaki tablolar\u0131 mant\u0131ksal bir d\u00fczene oturtarak veri tekrar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirme ve veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karma s\u00fcrecidir. 1970&#8217;li y\u0131llarda Edgar F. Codd taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan bu y\u00f6ntem, tablolar\u0131 belirli kurallar k\u00fcmesine (normal formlar) g\u00f6re ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normalizasyon uygulanmam\u0131\u015f tablolarda \u00fc\u00e7 temel anomali t\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ekleme Anomalisi: Yeni bir veri kaydetmek istedi\u011finizde, zorunlu olmayan ba\u015fka verileri de girmeye mecbur kalman\u0131z veya eksik bilgi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erli bir kayd\u0131 ekleyememeniz durumudur.<\/li>\n\n<li>G\u00fcncelleme Anomalisi: Ayn\u0131 veri birden fazla sat\u0131rda tekrar etti\u011fi i\u00e7in bir de\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde t\u00fcm sat\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeniz gerekir. G\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an tek bir sat\u0131r, veritaban\u0131nda tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa neden olur.<\/li>\n\n<li>Silme Anomalisi: Bir sat\u0131r\u0131 sildi\u011finizde, o sat\u0131rla ili\u015fkili ancak asl\u0131nda kaybetmek istemedi\u011finiz di\u011fer bilgilerin de kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak kaybolmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu anomalileri gidermek, sorgu karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve disk maliyetini azalt\u0131rken sistemin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normalizasyon A\u015famalar\u0131 (Normal Formlar)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normalizasyon i\u015flemi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerler. Her a\u015famaya Normal Form (NF) denir. Bir tablonun \u00fcst seviye bir normal forma ge\u00e7ebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle kendisinden \u00f6nceki formun t\u00fcm \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Birinci Normal Form (1NF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir tablonun 1NF standard\u0131nda kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in \u015fu \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Her s\u00fctun yaln\u0131zca atomik (b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez tekil) de\u011ferler i\u00e7ermelidir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Ayn\u0131 s\u00fctunda birden fazla de\u011fer virg\u00fclle veya ba\u015fka bir ayra\u00e7la tutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>Tabloda benzersiz bir birincil anahtar (Primary Key) bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>Yinelenen s\u00fctun gruplar\u0131 yer almamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n birden fazla telefon numaras\u0131n\u0131 tek bir h\u00fccrede virg\u00fclle saklamak 1NF kural\u0131n\u0131 bozar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki SQL yap\u0131s\u0131nda bu durumu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in atomik yap\u0131 kurulur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE kullanicilar (\n    kullanici_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    ad VARCHAR(50),\n    soyad VARCHAR(50)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE kullanici_telefonlari (\n    telefon_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    kullanici_id INT,\n    telefon_no VARCHAR(15),\n    FOREIGN KEY (kullanici_id) REFERENCES kullanicilar(kullanici_id)\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kod blo\u011funda, birden fazla telefon numaras\u0131 ana tablodan ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir tabloya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her telefon kayd\u0131 tek bir sat\u0131rda tutulur ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 tablosuna bir yabanc\u0131 anahtar (Foreign Key) ile ba\u011flan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece veri atomik hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0130kinci Normal Form (2NF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir tablonun 2NF seviyesinde olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tablo \u00f6ncelikle 1NF standartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>K\u0131smi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k (partial dependency) bulunmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yani bile\u015fik birincil anahtar\u0131n (composite key) kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablolarda, anahtar olmayan her s\u00fctun anahtar\u0131n tamam\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r; anahtar\u0131n sadece bir par\u00e7as\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olamaz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bile\u015fik anahtar kullan\u0131lmayan, tek bir s\u00fctundan olu\u015fan birincil anahtara sahip ve 1NF&#8217;ye uyan tablolar otomatik olarak 2NF standard\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131smi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in ili\u015fkili s\u00fctunlar yeni bir tabloya b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE siparisler (\n    siparis_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    siparis_tarihi DATE\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE urunler (\n    urun_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    urun_adi VARCHAR(100),\n    birim_fiyat DECIMAL(10, 2)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE siparis_kalemleri (\n    siparis_id INT,\n    urun_id INT,\n    adet INT,\n    PRIMARY KEY (siparis_id, urun_id),\n    FOREIGN KEY (siparis_id) REFERENCES siparisler(siparis_id),\n    FOREIGN KEY (urun_id) REFERENCES urunler(urun_id)\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6rnekte <code>siparis_kalemleri<\/code> tablosu <code>siparis_id<\/code> ve <code>urun_id<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bile\u015fik bir anahtara sahiptir. <code>adet<\/code> s\u00fctunu hem sipari\u015fe hem de \u00fcr\u00fcne do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 veya fiyat\u0131 gibi yaln\u0131zca <code>urun_id<\/code>&#8216;ye ba\u011fl\u0131 veriler bu tabloda tutulmay\u0131p <code>urunler<\/code> tablosuna aktar\u0131larak 2NF sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Normal Form (3NF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir tablonun 3NF seviyesinde kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tablo 2NF kurallar\u0131na tam olarak uymal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>Ge\u00e7i\u015fli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k (transitive dependency) bulunmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Birincil anahtar olmayan bir s\u00fctun, birincil anahtar olmayan ba\u015fka bir s\u00fctuna ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olamaz. T\u00fcm anahtar d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fctunlar yaln\u0131zca birincil anahtara do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar tablosunda departman ad\u0131 ve departman y\u00f6neticisi bilgilerinin tutulmas\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6netici bilgisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fana de\u011fil, departmana ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE departmanlar (\n    departman_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    departman_adi VARCHAR(50),\n    yonetici_id INT\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE calisanlar (\n    calisan_id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n    ad VARCHAR(50),\n    soyad VARCHAR(50),\n    departman_id INT,\n    FOREIGN KEY (departman_id) REFERENCES departmanlar(departman_id)\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu ayr\u0131m sayesinde departman ad\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaln\u0131zca <code>departmanlar<\/code> tablosundaki ilgili sat\u0131rda g\u00fcncellenir. Y\u00fczlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 tek tek g\u00fcncellemek gerekmez ve g\u00fcncelleme anomalisi engellenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Boyce-Codd Normal Formu (BCNF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BCNF, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Normal Formun \u00f6zel ve daha kat\u0131 bir varyasyonudur. Genellikle bir tabloda birden fazla aday anahtar (candidate key) bulundu\u011funda devreye girer. BCNF kural\u0131na g\u00f6re, tablodaki her belirleyici (determiner &#8211; di\u011fer s\u00fctunlar\u0131n de\u011ferini belirleyen s\u00fctun) mutlaka bir aday anahtar olmak zorundad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu 3NF tablosu zaten BCNF \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar; ancak \u00e7oklu bile\u015fik anahtarlar\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6zel senaryolarda ek ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma gerekebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normalizasyon ile Performans Dengesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normalizasyon d\u00fczeyi artt\u0131k\u00e7a tablolardaki veri tekrar\u0131 minimuma iner ve veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, okuma i\u015flemlerinde daha fazla tablonun <code>JOIN<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc ile birle\u015ftirilmesini gerektirir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yo\u011fun okuma (SELECT) trafi\u011fi olan raporlama sistemlerinde, \u00e7ok fazla birle\u015ftirme i\u015flemi sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir. Bu gibi senaryolarda kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde veri tekrar\u0131na izin verme i\u015flemine denormalizasyon (denormalization) denir. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir veritaban\u0131 mimarisinde ama\u00e7 her zaman k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne en y\u00fcksek normal forma ula\u015fmak de\u011fil; veri tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile okuma\/yazma performans\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi kurmakt\u0131r. Genellikle operasyonel (OLTP) sistemler i\u00e7in 3NF idealken, analitik (OLAP) sistemlerde denormalize modeller tercih edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Veritaban\u0131 normalizasyonu, ili\u015fkisel veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. 1NF ile verileri atomik hale getirir, 2NF ile k\u0131smi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 temizler, 3NF ile ge\u00e7i\u015fli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak veritaban\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 tutarl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir k\u0131lars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 3NF seviyesine getirdikten sonraki ad\u0131mda, tablolar aras\u0131ndaki yabanc\u0131 anahtarlar\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in indeksleme stratejilerini \u00f6\u011frenmeli ve sorgu planlar\u0131n\u0131 (EXPLAIN analizleri) inceleyerek sisteminizin darbo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmelisiniz.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Veritaban\u0131 normalizasyonu, veri tekrar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan bir tasar\u0131m s\u00fcrecidir. Bu rehberde a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 inceliyoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[230],"tags":[605,588,254,606,257],"class_list":["post-10311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veritabani","tag-normalizasyon","tag-rdbms","tag-sql","tag-veri-tabani-tasarimi","tag-veritabani"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Veritaban\u0131 Normalizasyonu Nedir? - Yunus KAYTAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130li\u015fkisel veritabanlar\u0131nda veri tekrar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen normalizasyon nedir, normal formlar (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) nas\u0131l uygulan\u0131r? \u00d6rneklerle \u00f6\u011frenin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/veritabani-normalizasyonu-nedir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Veritaban\u0131 Normalizasyonu Nedir? 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