{"id":10261,"date":"2026-11-08T11:17:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-08T08:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10261"},"modified":"2026-11-08T11:17:38","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T08:17:38","slug":"sql-injection-nedir-nasil-onlenir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/sql-injection-nedir-nasil-onlenir\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Injection Nedir? Nas\u0131l \u00d6nlenir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgilerini saklamak, kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 yapmak ve dinamik i\u00e7erik sunmak i\u00e7in ili\u015fkisel veritabanlar\u0131yla ileti\u015fim kurar. Bu ileti\u015fim, istemciden gelen isteklerin sunucu taraf\u0131nda i\u015flenip SQL (Structured Query Language) sorgular\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ancak kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdileri g\u00fcvenli bir bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, veritaban\u0131 do\u011frudan sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. Web g\u00fcvenli\u011fi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan en tehlikeli zafiyetlerden biri SQL Injection zafiyetidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Injection Nedir ve Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection (SQLi), sald\u0131rgan\u0131n bir web uygulamas\u0131 \u00fczerinden veritaban\u0131na giden dinamik SQL sorgular\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmesine ve istenmeyen komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yan bir g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Zafiyetin temelinde yatan neden, yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131dan gelen veriyi (input) bir veri olarak de\u011fil, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir bir kod par\u00e7as\u0131 gibi alg\u0131layarak do\u011frudan SQL ifadesine eklemesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normal \u015fartlarda veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemleri (RDBMS), sorgu yap\u0131s\u0131 (kod) ile sorgunun arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri (veri) ay\u0131rt etmek ister. E\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdisi denetlenmeden, filtrelenmeden ya da parametrik yap\u0131 kurulmadan sorgu dizesine (string concatenation) eklenirse, sald\u0131rgan girdinin i\u00e7erisine \u00f6zel SQL karakterleri (\u00f6rne\u011fin tek t\u0131rnak, noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl veya tire i\u015faretleri) yerle\u015ftirerek sorgunun mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan yazabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu zafiyetin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucunda sald\u0131rganlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Veritaban\u0131ndaki hassas verileri (parolalar, ki\u015fisel bilgiler, kredi kartlar\u0131) okuyabilir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Veritaban\u0131ndaki kay\u0131tlar\u0131 silebilir, g\u00fcncelleyebilir veya yeni kay\u0131tlar ekleyebilir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Veritaban\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u00f6netimsel i\u015flemler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir (tablo silme, kullan\u0131c\u0131 yetkilerini art\u0131rma).<\/li>\n\n<li>Baz\u0131 senaryolarda i\u015fletim sistemi d\u00fczeyinde komut \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak sunucuyu tamamen ele ge\u00e7irebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zafiyetli Bir Senaryo: Giri\u015f Do\u011frulama Hatas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131n en kolay yolu, geleneksel bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015f (login) formunu incelemektir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve parola alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden zafiyetli bir PHP kodu yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$username = $_POST['username'];\n$password = $_POST['password'];\n\n$query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" . $username . \"' AND password = '\" . $password . \"'\";\n$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yukar\u0131daki kod blo\u011funda, form \u00fczerinden g\u00f6nderilen <code>$username<\/code> ve <code>$password<\/code> de\u011fi\u015fkenleri do\u011frudan metin birle\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemiyle SQL ifadesine dahil edilmi\u015ftir. Normal bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 bu forma ad\u0131n\u0131 ve parolas\u0131n\u0131 girdi\u011finde sorgu beklenen \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancak bir sald\u0131rgan, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 alan\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki girdiyi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fler de\u011fi\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>admin' --<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu girdi i\u015flendi\u011finde, arka planda olu\u015fturulan ve veritaban\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen nihai SQL sorgusu \u015fu hali al\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' -- ' AND password = '...'<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6rnekte yer alan tek t\u0131rnak (<code>'<\/code>) i\u015fareti, SQL sorgusundaki kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 de\u011ferini erken kapat\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan gelen <code>--<\/code> (\u00e7ift tire) ise SQL dilinde sat\u0131r sonuna kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama sat\u0131r\u0131 (comment) haline getirir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak veritaban\u0131 motoru, <code>password<\/code> kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131 tamamen yok sayar ve yaln\u0131zca <code>admin<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. E\u011fer bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 mevcutsa, sistem sald\u0131rgan\u0131 parola girmesine gerek kalmadan y\u00f6netici olarak sisteme dahil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Injection T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n hedef sistemden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri bildirime ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veri \u00e7\u0131karma kanal\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In-band SQLi (Klasik): Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi kanal ile sonucun al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanal\u0131n ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumdur. En yayg\u0131n iki alt t\u00fcr\u00fc Hata Tabanl\u0131 (Error-Based) ve Birlik Tabanl\u0131 (UNION-Based) sald\u0131r\u0131lard\u0131r. Hata tabanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda veritaban\u0131 hata mesajlar\u0131 veri s\u0131zd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, UNION tabanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda orijinal sorguya eklenen <code>UNION SELECT<\/code> ifadeleriyle ba\u015fka tablolardan veri \u00e7ekilir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Inferential SQLi (K\u00f6r \/ Blind SQLi): Uygulaman\u0131n do\u011frudan ekrana bir veritaban\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 ya da hata mesaj\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmedi\u011fi senaryolard\u0131r. Sald\u0131rgan, sisteme do\u011fru\/yanl\u0131\u015f sorular\u0131 sorarak sayfa i\u00e7eri\u011findeki ufak de\u011fi\u015fimleri (Boolean-based) ya da veritaban\u0131na komut vererek yan\u0131t s\u00fcresindeki gecikmeleri (Time-based, \u00f6rne\u011fin <code>pg_sleep<\/code> veya <code>WAITFOR DELAY<\/code>) g\u00f6zlemler.<\/li>\n\n<li>Out-of-band SQLi: Sunucunun sald\u0131rgana do\u011frudan yan\u0131t veremedi\u011fi veya yan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7ok yava\u015f oldu\u011fu durumlarda, veritaban\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f a\u011fa DNS veya HTTP istekleri g\u00f6ndermesini tetikleyerek verinin bu harici istekler \u00fczerinden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 tekni\u011fidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Injection Nas\u0131l \u00d6nlenir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korunmak, tesad\u00fcfi filtrelemelerle de\u011fil, sistemli bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m mimarisiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Parametreli Sorgular ve Haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 \u0130fadeler (Prepared Statements)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection&#8217;a kar\u015f\u0131 en etkili ve kesin savunma y\u00f6ntemi parametreli sorgular\u0131n (Prepared Statements) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda sorgu yap\u0131s\u0131 ile kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdileri veritaban\u0131na ayr\u0131 kanallardan iletilir. Veritaban\u0131 motoru \u00f6nce sorgunun \u015fablonunu derler, ard\u0131ndan kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdisini basit bir de\u011fi\u015fmez (literal) de\u011fer olarak atar. Girdi i\u00e7erisinde zararl\u0131 SQL komutlar\u0131 olsa dahi, bunlar kod olarak derlenmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, PHP PDO kullan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcvenli bir sorgu \u00f6rne\u011fi bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare('SELECT id, email FROM users WHERE username = :username AND password = :password');\n$stmt-&gt;execute([\n    'username' =&gt; $username,\n    'password' =&gt; $hashed_password\n]);\n$user = $stmt-&gt;fetch();<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kod blo\u011funda <code>:username<\/code> ve <code>:password<\/code> alanlar\u0131 birer yer tutucudur (placeholder). Veritaban\u0131 motoru, execute metodu ile gelen de\u011ferlerin t\u00fcr\u00fc ne olursa olsun bunlar\u0131 sadece bir metin verisi olarak kabul eder; bu sayede tek t\u0131rnak gibi \u00f6zel karakterler mant\u0131ksal sorgu ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Nesne-\u0130li\u015fkisel E\u015fleme (ORM) Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Entity Framework, Hibernate, Prisma veya Django ORM gibi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ara\u00e7lar arka planda otomatik olarak parametreli sorgular \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve geli\u015ftiriciyi manuel SQL yazma y\u00fck\u00fcnden kurtar\u0131r. Ancak unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, ORM k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri i\u00e7inde dahi &#8220;raw query&#8221; (ham sorgu) fonksiyonlar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak metin birle\u015ftirme yap\u0131l\u0131rsa a\u00e7\u0131k yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Girdi Do\u011frulama ve Beyaz Liste (Allowlist)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parametreli sorgular\u0131n uygulanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinamik alanlar olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir sorguda s\u0131ralama yap\u0131lacak s\u00fctun ad\u0131 (<code>ORDER BY column_name<\/code>) veya s\u0131ralama y\u00f6n\u00fc (<code>ASC<\/code> \/ <code>DESC<\/code>) parametreli sorgularda do\u011frudan de\u011fi\u015fken olarak atanamaz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu gibi durumlarda beyaz liste (allowlist) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimsenmelidir. Kullan\u0131c\u0131dan gelen de\u011fer, yaln\u0131zca izin verilen de\u011ferler k\u00fcmesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve e\u015fle\u015fme yoksa i\u015flem reddedilmelidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$allowed_columns = ['id', 'username', 'created_at'];\n$sort_by = in_array($_GET['sort'], $allowed_columns) ? $_GET['sort'] : 'id';\n\n$allowed_directions = ['ASC', 'DESC'];\n$order = in_array(strtoupper($_GET['order']), $allowed_directions) ? strtoupper($_GET['order']) : 'ASC';\n\n$query = \"SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY \" . $sort_by . \" \" . $order;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6rnekte, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen s\u0131ralama parametreleri kat\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kontrol edilmekte, listelenen \u00fc\u00e7 s\u00fctun ve iki y\u00f6n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir de\u011fer kabul edilmemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. En D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Yetki \u0130lkesi (Principle of Least Privilege)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Web uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yetkileri kat\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir web uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n veritaban\u0131nda <code>root<\/code>, <code>sa<\/code> ya da <code>DBA<\/code> d\u00fczeyinde tam yetkili bir hesapla oturum a\u00e7mas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcvenlik riskidir. Uygulama yaln\u0131zca ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu tablolarda <code>SELECT<\/code>, <code>INSERT<\/code>, <code>UPDATE<\/code> i\u015flemlerini yapabilecek izne sahip olmal\u0131; tablo silme (<code>DROP<\/code>), prosed\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015ftirme veya dosya sistemine eri\u015fim yetkileri k\u0131s\u0131tlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Web Uygulama G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (WAF) Katman\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">WAF \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri, HTTP trafi\u011fini inceleyerek yayg\u0131n SQL Injection desenlerini (payload) tespit edebilir ve sunucuya ula\u015fmadan engelleyebilir. Ancak WAF ara\u00e7lar\u0131 birincil bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca ek bir savunma katman\u0131 (defense-in-depth) olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. As\u0131l g\u00fcvenli\u011fin uygulama katman\u0131nda sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SQL Injection, web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131ksal tasar\u0131m hatalar\u0131ndan beslenen ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 veri taban\u0131 ihlallerine varabilen y\u00fcksek riskli bir g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131ktan korunman\u0131n temel kural\u0131, istemci taraf\u0131ndan iletilen hi\u00e7bir veriye g\u00fcvenmemek ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 verisini sorgu mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kesin \u00e7izgilerle ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcvenli\u011finizi peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in mevcut kod taban\u0131n\u0131zdaki dinamik SQL birle\u015ftirmelerini derhal parametreli sorgularla de\u011fi\u015ftirin, veritaban\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131 izinlerinizi g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irin ve statik kod analizi (SAST) ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m (CI\/CD) s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinize entegre edin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL Injection, veritaban\u0131 odakl\u0131 web uygulamalar\u0131nda en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan kritik g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndan biridir. Bu rehberde a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve savunma y\u00f6ntemlerini ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229],"tags":[568,11,219,567,323],"class_list":["post-10261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-siber-guvenlik","tag-guvenli-kodlama","tag-siber-guvenlik","tag-sql-injection","tag-veritabani-guvenligi","tag-web-guvenligi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SQL Injection Nedir? Nas\u0131l \u00d6nlenir? - Yunus KAYTAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SQL Injection nedir, nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve nas\u0131l \u00f6nlenir? 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