{"id":10189,"date":"2026-10-30T11:47:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T08:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10189"},"modified":"2026-10-30T11:47:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T08:47:00","slug":"java-da-degiskenler-ve-veri-turleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/java-da-degiskenler-ve-veri-turleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Java’da De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve Veri T\u00fcrleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Java, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve statik t\u00fcr sistemine (strongly-typed and statically-typed) sahip bir programlama dilidir. Bu yap\u0131, yaz\u0131lan her verinin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn derleme a\u015famas\u0131nda bilinmesini ve kontrol edilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lar. Java uygulamalar\u0131nda verilerin bellekte saklanmas\u0131, i\u015flenmesi ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmesi do\u011frudan de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve veri t\u00fcrleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fken Nedir ve Nas\u0131l Tan\u0131mlan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fken, program\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan verilerin ge\u00e7ici olarak sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bellek g\u00f6zlerine verilen add\u0131r. Java’da bir de\u011fi\u015fken olu\u015fturulurken \u00f6nce saklanacak verinin t\u00fcr\u00fc, ard\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fkene verilecek isim belirtilir. \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlama an\u0131nda bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011feri atanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Java’da de\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mlama s\u00f6zdizimi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

veriTuru degiskenAdi = deger;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
De\u011fi\u015fken isimlendirirken baz\u0131 kurallara uyulmas\u0131 zorunludur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • De\u011fi\u015fken isimleri bir harf, alt \u00e7izgi (_) veya dolar i\u015fareti ($) ile ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r; rakamla ba\u015flayamaz.<\/li>\n\n
  • Java b\u00fcy\u00fck-k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfe duyarl\u0131d\u0131r (case-sensitive). Bu nedenle “sayi” ile “Sayi” tamamen farkl\u0131 iki de\u011fi\u015fkendir.<\/li>\n\n
  • Java’n\u0131n rezerve etti\u011fi \u00f6zel anahtar kelimeler (class, int, public vb.) de\u011fi\u015fken ismi olarak kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/li>\n\n
  • Genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kodlama standard\u0131 olarak camelCase (\u00f6rne\u011fin: kullaniciYasi, toplamTutar) yap\u0131s\u0131 tercih edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte temel bir de\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mlama ve ekrana yazd\u0131rma i\u015flemi yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    public class DegiskenOrnegi {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        int sunucuPort = 8080;\n        System.out.println(\"Uygulaman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 port: \" + sunucuPort);\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Bu \u00f6rnekte “int” veri t\u00fcr\u00fcnde “sunucuPort” ad\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve bellekteki bu alana 8080 tam say\u0131 de\u011feri atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan bu de\u011fer konsola yazd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Java’da Temel (\u0130lkel – Primitive) Veri T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Java’da veriler temel olarak iki ana kategoriye ayr\u0131l\u0131r: ilkel (primitive) ve referans (reference) t\u00fcrler. \u0130lkel veri t\u00fcrleri, do\u011frudan de\u011ferin kendisini belle\u011fin stack b\u00f6lgesinde saklayan en basit yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Java dilinde toplam 8 adet ilkel veri t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Tam Say\u0131 T\u00fcrleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Tam say\u0131 de\u011ferlerini depolamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 veri t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bunlar bellekte kaplad\u0131klar\u0131 alan ve tutabilecekleri say\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • byte: 8 bit (1 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. -128 ile 127 aras\u0131ndaki tam say\u0131lar\u0131 saklar. Bellek k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu a\u011f paketleri veya dosya okuma i\u015flemlerinde tercih edilir.<\/li>\n\n
    • short: 16 bit (2 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. -32.768 ile 32.767 aras\u0131ndaki tam say\u0131lar\u0131 tutar.<\/li>\n\n
    • int: 32 bit (4 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k -2 milyar ile +2 milyar aras\u0131ndaki tam say\u0131lar\u0131 saklar. Java’da tam say\u0131lar i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan t\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n
    • long: 64 bit (8 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131sal veriler (\u00f6rne\u011fin mikrosaniye cinsinden zaman damgalar\u0131, finansal kimlikler) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. De\u011fer tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken sonuna “L” veya “l” harfi eklenmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      Ondal\u0131kl\u0131 Say\u0131 T\u00fcrleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      Kesirli say\u0131lar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in iki farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • float: 32 bit (4 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Tek duyarl\u0131kl\u0131 (single-precision) kayan noktal\u0131 say\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131 de\u011ferinin sonuna “f” veya “F” harfi konulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n
      • double: 64 bit (8 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. \u00c7ift duyarl\u0131kl\u0131 (double-precision) kayan noktal\u0131 say\u0131d\u0131r. Java’da ondal\u0131kl\u0131 say\u0131lar i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan t\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve matematiksel hassasiyeti daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        Karakter ve Mant\u0131ksal T\u00fcrler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • char: 16 bit (2 bayt) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Unicode karakter standard\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r ve tek bir karakteri saklar. Tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken tek t\u0131rnak (‘ ‘) kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n
        • boolean: Yaln\u0131zca iki de\u011fer alabilir: “true” ya da “false”. Karar yap\u0131lar\u0131nda ve mant\u0131ksal kontrollerde temel g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenir. Mant\u0131ksal olarak 1 bitlik bilgi ifade etse de JVM seviyesindeki bellek temsili mimariye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          T\u00fcm ilkel t\u00fcrlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00f6rnek kod blo\u011fu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          public class IlkelTurler {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        byte seviye = 3;\n        short agPortu = 443;\n        int istekSayisi = 150000;\n        long kullaniciKimligi = 9876543210L;\n\n        float cpuKullanimi = 45.6f;\n        double gecikmeSuresi = 12.4589;\n\n        char durumKodu = 'A';\n        boolean baglantiAktif = true;\n\n        System.out.println(\"Sistem Durumu: \" + durumKodu);\n        System.out.println(\"Aktif mi: \" + baglantiAktif);\n        System.out.println(\"CPU: \" + cpuKullanimi);\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
          Bu programda, farkl\u0131 boyutlardaki say\u0131sal, karakter ve mant\u0131ksal veriler uygun t\u00fcrlerle e\u015fle\u015ftirilerek belle\u011fe yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ekranda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          Referans (Reference) Veri T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \u0130lkel t\u00fcrlerin aksine referans veri t\u00fcrleri, nesnelerin kendisini de\u011fil, o nesnelerin bellekteki (Heap alan\u0131) adreslerini tutar. S\u0131n\u0131flar (Classes), Diziler (Arrays) ve Aray\u00fczler (Interfaces) referans veri t\u00fcrleridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
          Java’da en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan referans t\u00fcr\u00fc “String” s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Metin bloklar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          public class ReferansTurler {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        String alanAdi = \"yunuskaytan.com\";\n        int[] portListesi = {80, 443, 22};\n\n        System.out.println(\"Hedef: \" + alanAdi);\n        System.out.println(\"\u0130lk port: \" + portListesi[0]);\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
          Yukar\u0131daki kodda “alanAdi” de\u011fi\u015fkeni, “yunuskaytan.com” metin nesnesinin Heap bellekteki adresine i\u015faret eder. Benzer \u015fekilde “portListesi” bir dizi nesnesinin referans\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          Bellek Y\u00f6netimi: Stack ve Heap Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          Java’da de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin bellek performans\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi Stack ve Heap alanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Stack Bellek: Yordam (metot) \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 ve yerel ilkel de\u011fi\u015fkenler burada depolan\u0131r. H\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015filir, boyutu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 blok sona erdi\u011finde biter.<\/li>\n\n
          • Heap Bellek: new anahtar kelimesi ile olu\u015fturulan nesnelerin ve dizilerin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 aland\u0131r. Referans t\u00fcr\u00fcndeki bir de\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fkenin referans adresi Stack \u00fczerinde tutulurken, nesnenin as\u0131l g\u00f6vdesi Heap \u00fczerinde ya\u015far.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            T\u00fcr D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri (Type Casting)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
            Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrdeki de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin birbirine atanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde t\u00fcr d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc uygulan\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem iki farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Geni\u015fletme D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc (Widening Casting): K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu bir t\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. Veri kayb\u0131 riski bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Java bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir (\u00d6rnek: byte -> int -> double).<\/li>\n\n
            • Daraltma D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc (Narrowing Casting): Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu bir verinin daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu bir t\u00fcre zorlanarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. Veri kayb\u0131 veya ta\u015fma ihtimali oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in programc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a parantez i\u00e7inde belirtilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              public class DonusumOrnegi {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        int tamSayi = 100;\n        double ondalikSayi = tamSayi;\n\n        double yuksekHassasiyet = 9.78;\n        int yuvarlananSayi = (int) yuksekHassasiyet;\n\n        System.out.println(\"Otomatik geni\u015fleyen de\u011fer: \" + ondalikSayi);\n        System.out.println(\"Kesilen tam say\u0131 de\u011feri: \" + yuvarlananSayi);\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte “tamSayi” de\u011feri do\u011frudan “double” t\u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve 100.0 olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci i\u015flemde ise 9.78 de\u011feri int t\u00fcr\u00fcne daralt\u0131l\u0131rken ondal\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve sonu\u00e7 9 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              De\u011fi\u015fken Tan\u0131mlarken Dikkat Edilmesi Gerekenler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              Java uygulamalar\u0131nda hatas\u0131z ve performansl\u0131 kod \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fken y\u00f6netiminde \u015fu kurallar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • De\u011fi\u015fkenin ya\u015fam alan\u0131n\u0131 (scope) m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca dar tutun; de\u011fi\u015fkenleri sadece kullan\u0131lacaklar\u0131 blok i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mlay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n
              • Veri kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in daraltma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yaparken veri aral\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice kontrol edin.<\/li>\n\n
              • M\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve amaca en uygun veri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7erek gereksiz bellek kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n
              • Say\u0131sal ta\u015fma (overflow) riskine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferler beklenen hesaplamalarda int yerine long t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                \u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                Java’da de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve veri t\u00fcrleri, programlama dilinin tip g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan en kritik par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. 8 ilkel veri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bilmek ve nesne tabanl\u0131 referans t\u00fcrlerin Stack-Heap ili\u015fkisini kavramak, yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kararl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir sonraki a\u015famada bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler \u00fczerinde matematiksel, mant\u0131ksal ve ili\u015fkisel i\u015flemler yapabilmek i\u00e7in Java’da operat\u00f6rler ve karar yap\u0131lar\u0131 incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                Java programlama dilinde de\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mlama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ilkel ve referans veri t\u00fcrlerini ve bellek davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bu rehberde inceliyoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[227],"tags":[245,342,286,343,264],"class_list":["post-10189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-java","tag-java","tag-java-degiskenler","tag-nesne-yonelimli-programlama","tag-veri-tipleri","tag-yazilim"],"yoast_head":"\nJava'da De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve Veri T\u00fcrleri - Yunus KAYTAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Java'da de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve veri t\u00fcrleri nelerdir? \u0130lkel ve referans tipleri, bellek y\u00f6netimini ve t\u00fcr d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerini \u00f6rneklerle \u00f6\u011frenin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/java-da-degiskenler-ve-veri-turleri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Java'da De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve Veri T\u00fcrleri - Yunus KAYTAN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Java'da de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve veri t\u00fcrleri nelerdir? 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