{"id":10174,"date":"2026-10-30T10:25:23","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T07:25:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10174"},"modified":"2026-10-30T10:25:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T07:25:23","slug":"php-de-include-ve-require-farki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/php-de-include-ve-require-farki\/","title":{"rendered":"PHP’de include ve require Fark\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Web uygulamalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e kod taban\u0131n\u0131 tek bir dosyada tutmak imkans\u0131z hale gelir. Kodun y\u00f6netilebilir, okunabilir ve tekrar kullan\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi gerekir. PHP, harici dosyalar\u0131 ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131na dahil etmek i\u00e7in iki temel yap\u0131 sunar: include ve require.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte benzer bir amaca hizmet eden bu iki ifade, dosyan\u0131n bulunamamas\u0131 veya y\u00fcklenememesi durumunda g\u00f6sterdikleri davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imiyle birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f yap\u0131n\u0131n tercih edilmesi, uygulaman\u0131n beklenmedik \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6kmesine ya da g\u00fcvenlik zafiyetlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

include ve require Nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

PHP’de include ve require, belirtilen dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini alarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131ra yerle\u015ftiren dil yap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r (language construct). Bu sayede veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 kodlar\u0131, fonksiyon k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri, ba\u015fl\u0131k (header) veya altbilgi (footer) gibi \u015fablon par\u00e7alar\u0131 tek bir dosyada tutulup ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan sayfalara aktar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki yap\u0131n\u0131n da temel s\u00f6zdizimi olduk\u00e7a basittir. Parantezli veya parantezsiz olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131labilirler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

include 'ayar.php';\nrequire 'ayar.php';<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Kod okunabilirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan genellikle parantezsiz kullan\u0131m tercih edilir. Ancak as\u0131l ayr\u0131m, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan dosya diskte bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel Fark: Hata Y\u00f6netimi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
include ile require aras\u0131ndaki en belirgin fark, eksik veya ula\u015f\u0131lamayan bir dosya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda PHP motorunun \u00fcretti\u011fi hata seviyesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
include ile \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
include ifadesi, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan dosya bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir uyar\u0131 (E_WARNING) \u00fcretir. \u00d6nemli olan nokta \u015fudur: PHP motoru bu uyar\u0131y\u0131 verdikten sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durdurmaz. Dosyan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki kodlar hi\u00e7bir \u015fey olmam\u0131\u015f gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fi inceleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<?php\necho \"Program ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.n\";\n\ninclude 'olmayan_dosya.php';\n\necho \"Bu sat\u0131r include sonras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.n\";\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Yukar\u0131daki kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde olur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Program ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.\nWarning: include(olmayan_dosya.php): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in ...\nBu sat\u0131r include sonras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan dosya yaln\u0131zca sayfan\u0131n g\u00f6rsel bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyorsa (\u00f6rne\u011fin yan s\u00fctundaki bir reklam alan\u0131), program\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi kabul edilebilir. Ancak dosya kritik bir i\u015flem i\u00e7eriyorsa, bu durum hatal\u0131 veri \u00fcretimine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
require ile \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
require ifadesi ise hedeflenen dosya bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir hata (E_COMPILE_ERROR \/ Fatal Error) f\u0131rlat\u0131r. Bu hata t\u00fcr\u00fc uygulaman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini an\u0131nda sonland\u0131r\u0131r. require ifadesinden sonra gelen hi\u00e7bir kod sat\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fi ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<?php\necho \"Program ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.n\";\n\nrequire 'olmayan_dosya.php';\n\necho \"Bu sat\u0131r asla ekrana yazd\u0131r\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r.n\";\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Bu betik \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda PHP \u015fu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 \u00fcretir ve an\u0131nda durur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Program ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.\nFatal error: require(): Failed opening required 'olmayan_dosya.php' (include_path='...') in ...<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in veritaban\u0131 \u015fifreleri, kimlik do\u011frulama fonksiyonlar\u0131 veya temel konfig\u00fcrasyon de\u011fi\u015fkenleri zorunluysa, require tercih edilmelidir. Aksi takdirde, veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eden bir betik, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya anlams\u0131z hatalar g\u00f6sterebilir veya tutars\u0131z i\u015flemlere yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
include_once ve require_once Varyantlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
PHP, bu iki yap\u0131ya ek olarak “_once” tak\u0131s\u0131na sahip varyantlar da sunar: include_once ve require_once.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu yap\u0131lar, hedeflenen dosyan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce betik i\u00e7inde dahil edilip edilmedi\u011fini kontrol eder. E\u011fer dosya daha \u00f6nce dahil edilmi\u015fse, tekrar y\u00fcklenmez ve i\u015flem sessizce atlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neden _once Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zellikle fonksiyon veya s\u0131n\u0131f tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu k\u00fct\u00fcphane dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 birden fazla kez dahil etmek ciddi hatalara yol a\u00e7ar. PHP, ayn\u0131 ada sahip bir fonksiyonun veya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n birden fazla kez tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na izin vermez ve “Cannot redeclare function” \u015feklinde \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir hata verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki senaryoyu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<?php\n\/\/ fonksiyonlar.php i\u00e7eri\u011fi\nfunction baglantiKur() {\n    return \"Ba\u011flant\u0131 aktif.\";\n}\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer ana dosyan\u0131zda \u015fu \u015fekilde bir y\u00fckleme yaparsan\u0131z hata al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<?php\nrequire 'fonksiyonlar.php';\n\/\/ Araya giren ba\u015fka bir dosya da dolayl\u0131 olarak fonksiyonlar.php dosyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor olabilir\nrequire 'fonksiyonlar.php'; \/\/ Hata: Fatal error: Cannot redeclare baglantiKur()\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Bunun yerine require_once kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda PHP dosyan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce y\u00fcklendi\u011fini alg\u0131lar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<?php\nrequire_once 'fonksiyonlar.php';\nrequire_once 'fonksiyonlar.php'; \/\/ Bu sat\u0131r g\u00fcvenle yoksay\u0131l\u0131r, hata vermez\n\necho baglantiKur();\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Performans Etkisi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
include_once ve require_once ifadeleri, dosyan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 takip etmek i\u00e7in dahili bir kontrol tablosu tutar. Bu durum k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir ek i\u015flem y\u00fck\u00fc getirir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve y\u00fcksek trafikli sistemlerde y\u00fczlerce dosyan\u0131n bu \u015fekilde dahil edilmesi mikro d\u00fczeyde performans kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Modern PHP mimarilerinde (Composer tabanl\u0131 PSR-4 autoloader gibi) dosyalar\u0131n otomatik y\u00fcklenmesi tercih edildi\u011finden manuel require_once kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla yaln\u0131zca giri\u015f dosyas\u0131 (index.php) ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hangi Durumda Hangisi Kullan\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fru yap\u0131y\u0131 se\u00e7mek, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 (robustness) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel bir kurald\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Veritaban\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik anahtarlar\u0131 ve ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri i\u00e7in require veya require_once kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n
  • S\u0131n\u0131f (class), aray\u00fcz (interface) ve global fonksiyon dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7in require_once kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n
  • Sayfan\u0131n genel ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmayacak opsiyonel bile\u015fenler (altbilgi, dinamik widget’lar, tema par\u00e7alar\u0131) i\u00e7in include kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n
  • Ko\u015fula ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00fcklenecek ve y\u00fcklenmemesi halinde varsay\u0131lan bir alternatife d\u00f6n\u00fclebilecek dosyalar i\u00e7in include tercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    G\u00fcvenlik Boyutu: Dosya Dahil Etme Zafiyetleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Bir siber g\u00fcvenlik perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda include ve require ifadeleri dikkatle ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131dan al\u0131nan girdilerin (\u00f6rne\u011fin URL \u00fczerinden gelen $_GET['sayfa']<\/code> parametresinin) filtrelenmeden do\u011frudan bu ifadelere verilmesi, Yerel Dosya Dahil Etme (Local File Inclusion – LFI) veya Uzak Dosya Dahil Etme (Remote File Inclusion – RFI) zafiyetlerine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Hatal\u0131 ve g\u00fcvensiz bir \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <?php\n\/\/ G\u00dcVENS\u0130Z KOD \u00d6RNE\u011e\u0130\n$sayfa = $_GET['sayfa'];\ninclude($sayfa . '.php'); \n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Bu \u00f6rnekte sald\u0131rgan, sayfa parametresine ..\/..\/..\/..\/etc\/passwd<\/code> gibi dizin atlama (path traversal) de\u011ferleri girerek sunucudaki kritik sistem dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 okuyabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    G\u00fcvenli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Dahil edilecek dosyalar\u0131 mutlaka statik bir beyaz liste (whitelist) kontrol\u00fcnden ge\u00e7irin.<\/li>\n\n
    • Kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdisini do\u011frudan dosya yolu olarak kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n
    • Dosya yollar\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken __DIR__<\/code> sabitini kullanarak g\u00f6receli yollar yerine mutlak yollar tan\u0131mlay\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      Mutlak yol kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      <?php\n\/\/ Daha g\u00fcvenli ve performansl\u0131 mutlak yol kullan\u0131m\u0131\nrequire_once __DIR__ . '\/yapilandirma\/veritabani.php';\n?><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      __DIR__<\/code> sabiti, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dosyan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu tam dizin yolunu d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu sayede dosya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 PHP’nin include_path<\/code> ayarlar\u0131ndan etkilenmez ve do\u011frudan do\u011fru adrese y\u00f6nelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      include ve require aras\u0131ndaki temel fark hata tolerans\u0131d\u0131r. require, uygulaman\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in zorunlu olan bile\u015fenlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve eksiklik durumunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durdurur. include ise eksiklik halinde uyar\u0131 vererek uygulaman\u0131n devam etmesine izin verir. Fonksiyon ve s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ise bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n _once<\/code> varyantlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Uygulaman\u0131zda bu mekanizmalar\u0131 do\u011fru kurgulad\u0131ktan sonra, kod organizasyonunu daha profesyonel bir seviyeye ta\u015f\u0131mak ad\u0131na nesne y\u00f6nelimli programlama (OOP) ve Composer \u00fczerinden gelen PSR-4 otomatik s\u0131n\u0131f y\u00fckleme (autoloading) standartlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      PHP projelerinde harici dosyalar\u0131 dahil etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan include ve require ifadelerinin farklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik boyutunu inceliyoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10175,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[301],"tags":[336,334,213,335,302],"class_list":["post-10174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-php","tag-guvenlik","tag-include","tag-php","tag-require","tag-web-gelistirme"],"yoast_head":"\nPHP'de include ve require Fark\u0131 - Yunus KAYTAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PHP'de include ve require aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131, hata y\u00f6netimi mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik risklerini kod \u00f6rnekleriyle kapsaml\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/php-de-include-ve-require-farki\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PHP'de include ve require Fark\u0131 - 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