{"id":10172,"date":"2026-10-30T10:16:05","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T07:16:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10172"},"modified":"2026-10-30T10:16:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T07:16:05","slug":"php-de-cerez-cookie-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/php-de-cerez-cookie-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"PHP&#8217;de \u00c7erez (cookie) Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern web uygulamalar\u0131nda durumsuz (stateless) bir protokol olan HTTP \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131c\u0131 tercihlerini, oturum bilgilerini veya al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f sepeti i\u00e7eriklerini hat\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7erezler (cookies) yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir web sunucusu, taray\u0131c\u0131ya \u00e7erez arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck metin verileri g\u00f6nderir ve taray\u0131c\u0131 bu verileri yerel depolama alan\u0131nda saklayarak sonraki isteklerde tekrar sunucuya iletir. Bu yaz\u0131da, PHP ortam\u0131nda \u00e7erezlerin nas\u0131l tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, okundu\u011funu, silindi\u011fini ve siber g\u00fcvenlik ilkeleri do\u011frultusunda nas\u0131l korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u0131f\u0131rdan ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7erez (Cookie) Nedir ve Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7erez, bir istemcinin taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131nda saklanan, anahtar-de\u011fer \u00e7iftlerinden olu\u015fan en fazla 4 kilobayt boyutundaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir metin dosyas\u0131d\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 bir web sayfas\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etti\u011finde, sunucu yan\u0131t ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (HTTP Response Header) &#8220;Set-Cookie&#8221; direktifini ekleyerek taray\u0131c\u0131ya bu veriyi kaydetmesini s\u00f6yler. Taray\u0131c\u0131, ayn\u0131 etki alan\u0131na (domain) yapaca\u011f\u0131 sonraki t\u00fcm isteklerin ba\u015fl\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131na (HTTP Request Header) bu veriyi ekleyerek sunucuya geri g\u00f6nderir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PHP&#8217;de bu mekanizma, hem kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimini \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek hem de oturum kimliklerini ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in temel bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ancak \u00e7erezlerin istemci taraf\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n do\u011frudan manip\u00fcle edilmesine veya ele ge\u00e7irilmesine a\u00e7\u0131k olduklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu nedenle \u00e7erezlerin do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PHP ile \u00c7erez Olu\u015fturma: setcookie() Fonksiyonu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PHP&#8217;de bir \u00e7erez olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in yerle\u015fik setcookie() fonksiyonu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu fonksiyon, HTTP yan\u0131t ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenledi\u011fi i\u00e7in HTML etiketleri veya bo\u015fluklar dahil olmak \u00fczere sayfaya herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6nderilmeden \u00f6nce \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde PHP, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n zaten g\u00f6nderildi\u011fini belirten bir hata (Headers already sent) \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fonksiyonun temel prototipi \u015fu parametreleri i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>name: \u00c7erezin ad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n<li>value: \u00c7erezde saklanacak de\u011fer.<\/li>\n\n<li>expires_or_options: \u00c7erezin ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi (Unix zaman damgas\u0131 cinsinden) veya ayar dizisi.<\/li>\n\n<li>path: \u00c7erezin sunucuda ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 yol. Genellikle t\u00fcm sitede ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in e\u011fik \u00e7izgi verilir.<\/li>\n\n<li>domain: \u00c7erezin hangi alan ad\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131.<\/li>\n\n<li>secure: Yaln\u0131zca g\u00fcvenli HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden iletilip iletilmeyece\u011fi.<\/li>\n\n<li>httponly: JavaScript \u00fczerinden eri\u015filip eri\u015filemeyece\u011fi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geleneksel s\u00f6zdizimi ile basit bir \u00e7erez olu\u015fturma \u00f6rne\u011fi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$cerez_adi = \"tema\";\n$cerez_degeri = \"karanlik\";\n$gecerlilik = time() + (86400 * 30);\n\nsetcookie($cerez_adi, $cerez_degeri, $gecerlilik, \"\/\", \"\", false, false);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte time() fonksiyonu ile ge\u00e7erli Unix zaman\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fczerine 30 g\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen saniye (86400 * 30) eklenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7erez k\u00f6k dizinde (&#8220;\/&#8221;) ge\u00e7erli olacak \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modern Dizi S\u00f6zdizimi ile \u00c7erez Tan\u0131mlama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PHP 7.3 ve sonraki s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerde setcookie() fonksiyonu, se\u00e7eneklerin bir ili\u015fkisel dizi (associative array) olarak iletilmesini desteklemektedir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, kodun okunabilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r ve SameSite gibi modern g\u00fcvenlik niteliklerini do\u011frudan y\u00f6netmeyi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$ayarlar = [\n    'expires' =&gt; time() + 3600,\n    'path' =&gt; '\/',\n    'domain' =&gt; 'ornek.com',\n    'secure' =&gt; true,\n    'httponly' =&gt; true,\n    'samesite' =&gt; 'Strict'\n];\n\nsetcookie('kullanici_kimligi', 'usr_89234', $ayarlar);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6rnekte, \u00e7erez bir saat (3600 saniye) boyunca ge\u00e7erli olacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sadece HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve JavaScript eri\u015fimine kapat\u0131lacak bi\u00e7imde ayarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7erez De\u011ferlerini Okuma: $_COOKIE S\u00fcper Globali<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Olu\u015fturulan ve taray\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sunucuya geri g\u00f6nderilen \u00e7erezlere PHP&#8217;nin \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f $_COOKIE s\u00fcper global dizisi \u00fczerinden eri\u015filir. Bir \u00e7erez setcookie() ile tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda mevcut sayfa y\u00fcklemesinde $_COOKIE dizisinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez; de\u011fer, taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sonraki iste\u011finde diziye dahil edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir \u00e7erez de\u011ferini okumadan \u00f6nce varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek, olas\u0131 tan\u0131ms\u0131z indeks hatalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (isset($_COOKIE['tema'])) {\n    $secilen_tema = htmlspecialchars($_COOKIE['tema'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');\n    echo \"Aktif Tema: \" . $secilen_tema;\n} else {\n    echo \"Tema tercihi bulunamad\u0131, varsay\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k tema kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.\";\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kod blo\u011funda isset() fonksiyonu \u00e7erezin var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetler. \u0130stemciden gelen veriye hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00fcvenilmeyece\u011fi i\u00e7in okunan de\u011fer htmlspecialchars() fonksiyonundan ge\u00e7irilerek ekrana yazd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7erez G\u00fcncelleme ve Silme \u0130\u015flemleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PHP&#8217;de bir \u00e7erezi do\u011frudan yok eden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir deletecookie() fonksiyonu bulunmaz. Bunun yerine \u00e7erez ayn\u0131 adla yeniden tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir zamana ayarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir \u00e7erezin de\u011ferini g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 isim ve yolla yeni bir de\u011fer atamak yeterlidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>setcookie('tema', 'aydinlik', time() + (86400 * 30), '\/');<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir \u00e7erezi taray\u0131c\u0131dan tamamen kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresini ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir zamana ayarlamak ve de\u011ferini bo\u015faltmak gerekir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (isset($_COOKIE['tema'])) {\n    setcookie('tema', '', time() - 3600, '\/');\n    unset($_COOKIE['tema']);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yukar\u0131daki kodda \u00e7erezin ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi time() &#8211; 3600 yap\u0131larak bir saat \u00f6ncesine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Taray\u0131c\u0131 bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00fcresi dolmu\u015f \u00e7erezi diskten siler. unset() kullan\u0131m\u0131 ise mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma an\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olan PHP dizisinden de\u011feri an\u0131nda kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Siber G\u00fcvenlik A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00c7erez Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7erezler, \u00f6zellikle oturum y\u00f6netiminde (Session Hijacking ve Session Fixation sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda) birincil hedef konumundad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bir \u00e7erez tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken g\u00fcvenlik bayraklar\u0131n\u0131n eksiksiz ayarlanmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dikkat edilmesi gereken temel g\u00fcvenlik kriterleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HttpOnly Bayra\u011f\u0131: Bu parametre true yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, taray\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7erezin document.cookie gibi JavaScript arabirimleri \u00fczerinden okunmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Bu sayede olas\u0131 bir XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) zafiyetinde sald\u0131rgan\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131 oturum \u00e7erezini \u00e7almas\u0131 zorla\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n<li>Secure Bayra\u011f\u0131: \u00c7erezin yaln\u0131zca SSL\/TLS sertifikas\u0131na sahip \u015fifreli HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden iletilmesini sa\u011flar. A\u011f dinleme (Man-in-the-Middle) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7erezin d\u00fcz metin olarak ele ge\u00e7irilmesini \u00f6nler.<\/li>\n\n<li>SameSite Nitelikleri: CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. &#8216;Strict&#8217; de\u011feri, \u00e7erezin yaln\u0131zca ayn\u0131 siteden gelen isteklerde g\u00f6nderilmesini sa\u011flarken; &#8216;Lax&#8217; de\u011feri harici ba\u011flant\u0131lardan gelen g\u00fcvenli GET isteklerinde \u00e7erezin iletilmesine izin verir.<\/li>\n\n<li>Hassas Veri Depolamama: \u00c7erezler istemci taraf\u0131nda tutulur ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenebilir veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Bu nedenle parola, yetki seviyesi veya kredi kart\u0131 gibi hassas bilgiler asla do\u011frudan \u00e7erez i\u00e7ine yaz\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun yerine sunucuda tutulan bir oturum kimli\u011fi (session id) \u00e7erezde saklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PHP&#8217;de \u00e7erez y\u00f6netimi, web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n durum takibini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in setcookie() fonksiyonu ve $_COOKIE s\u00fcper globali \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Do\u011fru bir \u00e7erez mimarisi; s\u00fcrenin do\u011fru belirlenmesini, yol ve etki alan\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi HttpOnly, Secure ve SameSite parametrelerinin bilin\u00e7li olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir sonraki ad\u0131mda, \u00e7erezler ile do\u011frudan entegre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan PHP Session (oturum) mimarisini inceleyebilir, session_set_cookie_params() fonksiyonunu kullanarak sunucu tarafl\u0131 oturum g\u00fcvenli\u011fini bir \u00fcst seviyeye ta\u015f\u0131yabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Web uygulamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131 oturumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve tercihlerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in PHP&#8217;de \u00e7erez kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve kritik g\u00fcvenlik yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 inceliyoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10173,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[301],"tags":[303,333,332,213,323],"class_list":["post-10172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-php","tag-backend","tag-cerezler","tag-cookie","tag-php","tag-web-guvenligi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - 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