{"id":10061,"date":"2026-10-25T09:20:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-25T06:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/?p=10061"},"modified":"2026-10-25T09:20:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T06:20:00","slug":"python-da-dosya-okuma-ve-yazma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunuskaytan.com\/en\/yk\/python-da-dosya-okuma-ve-yazma\/","title":{"rendered":"Python&#8217;da Dosya Okuma ve Yazma"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde verilerin kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak saklanmas\u0131 ve gerekti\u011finde yeniden i\u015flenmesi en temel ihtiya\u00e7lardan biridir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan bir program sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bellekteki (RAM) t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fkenler silinir. Bu verilerin sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalarda da kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in disk \u00fczerinde depolanmas\u0131 gerekir. Python, i\u015fletim sistemi d\u00fczeyinde dosya giri\u015f\/\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f (I\/O) i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay, esnek ve g\u00fcvenli yerle\u015fik ara\u00e7lar sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosya \u0130\u015flemlerinde Temel Mant\u0131k ve open() Fonksiyonu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python ortam\u0131nda bir dosya \u00fczerinde herhangi bir i\u015flem yapabilmek i\u00e7in dosyan\u0131n i\u015fletim sisteminden talep edilmesi gerekir. Bu ad\u0131m <code>open()<\/code> fonksiyonu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Fonksiyon temelde dosyan\u0131n yolunu ve hangi ama\u00e7la a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten kipi (modu) parametre olarak al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosya a\u00e7ma kipleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8216;r&#8217;: Salt okuma (read) modudur. Dosya mevcut de\u011filse FileNotFoundError hatas\u0131 \u00fcretir. Varsay\u0131lan kiptir.<\/li>\n\n<li>&#8216;w&#8217;: Yazma (write) modudur. Dosya yoksa olu\u015fturur; dosya zaten varsa i\u00e7eri\u011fini tamamen silerek \u00fczerine yazar.<\/li>\n\n<li>&#8216;a&#8217;: Ekleme (append) modudur. Dosya yoksa olu\u015fturur; dosya mevcutsa yeni veriyi dosyan\u0131n sonuna ekler.<\/li>\n\n<li>&#8216;x&#8217;: \u00d6zel olu\u015fturma (exclusive creation) modudur. Dosya zaten varsa FileExistsError hatas\u0131 verir, yoksa olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n\n<li>&#8216;b&#8217;: \u0130kili (binary) moddur. Resim, ses, PDF gibi metin d\u0131\u015f\u0131 dosyalar\u0131 i\u015flerken di\u011fer kiplerin yan\u0131na eklenir (&#8216;rb&#8217;, &#8216;wb&#8217; gibi).<\/li>\n\n<li>&#8216;t&#8217;: Metin (text) modudur. Varsay\u0131lan moddur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken karakter kodlamas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e karakterlerin (\u015f, \u011f, \u00e7, \u0131, \u00f6, \u00fc) bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in <code>encoding=\"utf-8\"<\/code> parametresinin verilmesi tavsiye edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Python Dosya Okuma Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python dosya okuma s\u00fcrecinde ihtiyaca g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 fonksiyonlar sunar. Dosyan\u0131n boyutu ve bellekte nas\u0131l i\u015flenece\u011fi, se\u00e7ilecek y\u00f6ntemi belirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">read() Metodu ile T\u00fcm Dosyay\u0131 Okuma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>read()<\/code> metodu dosyan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 tek bir karakter dizisi (string) olarak belle\u011fe y\u00fckler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu metin dosyalar\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dosya = open(\"ornek.txt\", \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\nicerik = dosya.read()\nprint(icerik)\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kod blo\u011funda <code>ornek.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131 salt okunur olarak a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, t\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fi <code>icerik<\/code> de\u011fi\u015fkenine aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve son olarak <code>close()<\/code> metodu ile dosya ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">readline() ve readlines() Metotlar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosyay\u0131 sat\u0131r sat\u0131r i\u015flemek veya sat\u0131rlar\u0131 liste bi\u00e7iminde almak i\u00e7in bu metotlar tercih edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dosya = open(\"ornek.txt\", \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\nilk_satir = dosya.readline()\nprint(\"Birinci Satir:\", ilk_satir)\n\ndosya.seek(0)\ntum_satirlar = dosya.readlines()\nprint(\"Satir Listesi:\", tum_satirlar)\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada <code>readline()<\/code> yaln\u0131zca ilk sat\u0131r\u0131 d\u00f6ner. <code>seek(0)<\/code> komutu, dosya imlecini tekrar dosyan\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan gelen <code>readlines()<\/code> metodu ise dosyadaki her bir sat\u0131r\u0131 bir liste eleman\u0131 olarak d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00f6ng\u00fc Kullanarak Sat\u0131r Sat\u0131r Okuma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu log veya veri dosyalar\u0131nda t\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fi tek seferde belle\u011fe almak bellek yetersizli\u011fi hatalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Python dosya nesneleri yinelenebilir (iterable) oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in do\u011frudan <code>for<\/code> d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne aktar\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dosya = open(\"buyuk_veri.txt\", \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\nfor satir in dosya:\n    print(satir.strip())\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, dosyay\u0131 sat\u0131r sat\u0131r ak\u0131\u015f halinde okur; belle\u011fe yaln\u0131zca o an i\u015flenen sat\u0131r y\u00fcklenir. <code>strip()<\/code> fonksiyonu ise sat\u0131r sonlar\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen bo\u015fluk ve yeni sat\u0131r karakterlerini (<code>n<\/code>) temizler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosyaya Veri Yazma \u0130\u015flemleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosyaya veri kaydetmek i\u00e7in <code>write()<\/code> veya <code>writelines()<\/code> metotlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f modunun &#8216;w&#8217; ya da &#8216;a&#8217; olmas\u0131, mevcut verinin korunup korunmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dosya = open(\"gunluk.txt\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\ndosya.write(\"Sistem baslatildi.n\")\ndosya.write(\"Ilk gorev tamamlandi.n\")\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yukar\u0131daki kod, <code>gunluk.txt<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015fturur ve i\u00e7ine iki sat\u0131r yazar. Dosya daha \u00f6nce varsa \u00f6nceki veriler silinir. Var olan verileri koruyarak devam\u0131na ekleme yapmak istendi\u011finde mod &#8216;a&#8217; olarak se\u00e7ilmelidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dosya = open(\"gunluk.txt\", \"a\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\ndosya.write(\"Yeni log kaydi eklendi.n\")\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E\u011fer bir metin listesi do\u011frudan yazd\u0131r\u0131lmak isteniyorsa <code>writelines()<\/code> kullan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>satirlar = [\"Kullanici: adminn\", \"Durum: Aktifn\", \"Rol: Yoneticin\"]\ndosya = open(\"kullanici.txt\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\ndosya.writelines(satirlar)\ndosya.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu metot elemanlar\u0131n sonuna otomatik olarak yeni sat\u0131r karakteri eklemez; listenin i\u00e7indeki \u00f6\u011felerin <code>n<\/code> i\u00e7ermesi gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">G\u00fcvenli Dosya Y\u00f6netimi: with Deyimi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosyalar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mutlaka <code>close()<\/code> fonksiyonu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131larak kapat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde dosya i\u015fletim sisteminde kilitli kalabilir veya bellek s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015fanabilir. Kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir hata meydana gelirse <code>close()<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131na hi\u00e7 ula\u015f\u0131lamayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu t\u00fcr riskleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Python ba\u011flam y\u00f6neticisi (Context Manager) mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan <code>with<\/code> deyimini sunar. <code>with<\/code> blo\u011fu tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dosya otomatik olarak kapat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>with open(\"rapor.txt\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as dosya:\n    dosya.write(\"Rapor Ozeti:n\")\n    dosya.write(\"Islem basariyla tamamlandi.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blok sona erdi\u011finde dosya kapan\u0131r. \u0130stisnai bir hata \u00e7\u0131ksa bile kapanma i\u015flemi g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Modern Python yaz\u0131m\u0131nda <code>with<\/code> yap\u0131s\u0131 end\u00fcstri standard\u0131 olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hata Y\u00f6netimi ve Dosya Varl\u0131k Kontrol\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosya okuma i\u015flemlerinde en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorun dosyan\u0131n belirtilen yolda bulunamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in <code>try-except<\/code> bloklar\u0131 ya da <code>os<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fc kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>import os\n\ndosya_yolu = \"kayitlar.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(dosya_yolu):\n    with open(dosya_yolu, \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as dosya:\n        print(dosya.read())\nelse:\n    print(\"Hata: Belirtilen dosya dizinde bulunamadi.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternatif olarak <code>try-except<\/code> yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile i\u015fletim sistemi d\u00fczeyindeki istisnalar yakalanabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>try:\n    with open(\"olmayan_dosya.txt\", \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as dosya:\n        icerik = dosya.read()\nexcept FileNotFoundError:\n    print(\"Dosya bulunamadi, lutfen dosya yolunu kontrol edin.\")\nexcept PermissionError:\n    print(\"Bu dosyayi okumak icin yetkiniz bulunmuyor.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6zet ve Sonraki Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python&#8217;da dosya i\u015flemleri temel olarak dosyan\u0131n do\u011fru modda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, gerekli okuma veya yazma i\u015flemlerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve dosya kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bellek t\u00fcketimini minimumda tutmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck dosyalarda d\u00f6ng\u00fclerden faydalanmak ve kaynak y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in <code>with<\/code> yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmek en sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sonraki a\u015famada yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veriler i\u00e7eren CSV ve JSON dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flemek i\u00e7in Python&#8217;\u0131n yerle\u015fik <code>csv<\/code> ve <code>json<\/code> mod\u00fcllerini inceleyebilir, ard\u0131ndan veritaban\u0131 veya nesne serile\u015ftirme (<code>pickle<\/code>) konular\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Python kullanarak dosyalardan veri okumay\u0131, dosyalara g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde veri yazmay\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6netmeyi s\u0131f\u0131rdan ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011frenin.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10062,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[207],"tags":[275,214,215,276,264],"class_list":["post-10061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-dosya-islemleri","tag-programlama","tag-python","tag-python-dosya-okuma","tag-yazilim"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - 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